Minesweeper Mania!

MINESWEEPER

Game may help solve math mysteries
By Lisa Lipman, ASSOCIATED PRESS

Minesweeper, a seemingly simple game included on most personal computers, could help
mathematicians crack one of the field’s most intriguing problems.

‘If there was a way of playing Minesweeper efficiently, then there would also be a way of
cracking codes efficiently.’
— RICHARD KAYE

WHILE SOME people may pass hours mindlessly playing Minesweeper, mathematicians are toiling
over a larger version of the game, hoping to solve a problem so confounding that an institute
offered $1 million to anyone who could crack it.
The buzz began after Richard Kaye, a mathematics professor at the University of Birmingham
in England, started playing Minesweeper.
“I’m always interested in games with math elements. Math and games go together
brilliantly,” Kaye said. “I realized there was probably some nice mathematics behind it.
But I didn’t know what I was looking for.”
Minesweeper is a game in which players try to figure out which squares of a grid contain
computerized mines. A number in each square indicates how many mines are in the squares around
it. The game is generally included in the Microsoft Windows operating system.
After playing the game steadily for a few weeks, Kaye realized that Minesweeper, if played
on a much larger grid, has the same mathematical characteristics as other problems deemed
insolvable.
In fact, he said, Minesweeper could help in the quest for one of mathematics’ white whales:
the solution to what is known as the “P versus NP” problem. The problem has been around for
about 30 years.
The problem attempts to determine whether questions that seem to be unsolvable within a
reasonable period of time might actually have a relatively simple way of being solved, possibly
by computer.
Kaye said that if someone were to figure out an algorithm for determining all combinations
of mine placement in a large-scale version of Minesweeper, that person will have solved the P
versus NP problem
The Clay Mathematics Institute in Cambridge, Mass., has offered $1 million to anyone who
can solve it.
The discovery could have a wider impact.
“If there was a way of playing Minesweeper efficiently, then there would also be a way of
cracking codes efficiently,” Kaye said.
Ian Stewart, a research mathematician who teaches at the University of Warwick in England,
said: “It’s surprising that such a simple game would put us at such a frontier of mathematics.
But the big questions in math are not very far below the surface of everyday life.”
Arthur Jaffe, president of the Clay Mathematics Institute, said he was already a fan of
Minesweeper before he heard about Kaye’s research. He plays the game on nights when he has
trouble falling asleep.
“I told my 14-year-old daughter about it,” he said. “She was just amazed it was educational.”